THE CONCEPT OF PARADISE AND HELL IN ISLAMIC ESCHATOLOGY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF HARUN NASUTION AND NURCHOLISH MADJID

Abstract

The concepts of paradise and hell are central themes in Islamic eschatology, reflecting Islamic beliefs about the afterlife and their ethical implications for human life. This study aims to analyze the concepts of paradise and hell from the perspectives of Harun Nasution and Nurcholish Madjid and to identify the similarities and differences in their interpretations. This research employs a qualitative library research method with philosophical-theological and comparative approaches by examining the primary works of both scholars and relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that Harun Nasution interprets paradise and hell through a rational theological framework influenced by Mu‘tazilite thought, emphasizing divine justice, human freedom, and moral responsibility as the basis of reward and punishment in the hereafter. In contrast, Nurcholish Madjid understands paradise and hell not only as eschatological realities but also as symbols of spiritual closeness to God and the moral quality of human life. Although both scholars affirm the theological significance of paradise and hell, they offer different interpretative emphases that complement one another. Their perspectives demonstrate that Islamic eschatology extends beyond beliefs about the afterlife by providing an ethical and spiritual foundation that encourages responsible, meaningful, and morally conscious human conduct in worldly life.

 Keywords : Islamic Eschatology, Heaven, Hell, Harun Nasution, Nurcholish Madjid, Islamic Theology